Bartholomew Roberts' articles
One of the best known sets of pirate articles was set down by the famous Welsh pirate
Bartholomew Roberts in 1720.
I. Every man has a vote in affairs of moment; has equal title to the fresh provisions, or strong
liquors, at any time seized, and may use them at pleasure, unless a scarcity (not an uncommon
thing among them) makes it necessary, for the good of all, to vote a retrenchment.
II. Every man to be called fairly in turn, by list, on board of prizes because, (over and above their
proper share) they were on these occasions allowed a shift of clothes: but if they defrauded the
company to the value of a dollar in plate, jewels, or money, marooning was their punishment. If
the robbery was only betwixt one another, they contented themselves with slitting the ears and nose
of him that was guilty, and set him on shore, not in an uninhabited place, but somewhere, where
he was sure to encounter hardships.
III. No person to game at cards or dice for money.
IV. The lights and candles to be put out at eight o'clock at night: if any of the crew, after that hour
still remained inclined for drinking, they were to do it on the open deck
V. To keep their piece, pistols, and cutlass clean and fit for service.
VI. No boy or woman to be allowed amongst them. If any man were to be found seducing any of
the latter sex, and carried her to sea, disguised, he was to suffer death;(so that when any fell into
their hands, as it chanced in the Onslow, they put a sentinel immediately over her to prevent ill
consequences from so dangerous an instrument of division and quarrel; but then here lies the
roguery; they contend who shall be sentinel, which happens generally to one of the greatest bullies,
who, to secure the lady's virtue, will let none lie with her but himself.)
VII. To desert the ship or their quarters in battle, was punished with death or marooning.
VIII. No striking one another on board, but every man's quarrels to be ended on shore, at sword
and pistol. (The quarter-master of the ship, when the parties will not come to any reconciliation,
accompanies them on shore with what assistance he thinks proper, and turns the disputant back to
back, at so many paces distance; at the word of command, they turn and fire immediately, (or else
the piece is knocked out of their hands). If both miss, they come to their cutlasses, and then he is
declared the victor who draws the first blood.)
IX. No man to talk of breaking up their way of living, till each had shared one thousand pounds. If
in order to this, any man should lose a limb, or become a cripple in their service, he was to have
eight hundred dollars, out of the public stock, and for lesser hurts, proportionately.
X. The captain and quartermaster to receive two shares of a prize: the master, boatswain, and
gunner, one share and a half, and other officers one and quarter.
XI. The musicians to have rest on the Sabbath Day, but the other six days and nights, none without
special favour.
Captain John Phillips's articles
Captain John Phillips, captain of the Revenge, also set a code for his men in 1724;
I. Every Man Shall obey civil Command; the Captain shall have one full Share and a half of all
Prizes; the Master, Carpenter, Boatswain and Gunner shall have one Share and quarter.
II. If any Man shall offer to run away, or keep any Secret from the Company, he shall be
marooned with one Bottle of Powder, one Bottle of Water, one small Arm, and Shot.
III. If any Man shall steal any Thing in the Company, or game, to the Value of a Piece of Eight, he
shall be marooned or shot.
IV. If any time we shall meet another Marooner that Man shall sign his Articles without the
Consent of our Company, shall suffer such Punishment as the Captain and Company shall think fit.
V. That Man that shall strike another whilst these Articles are in force, shall receive Moses’s Law
(that is, 40 Stripes lacking one) on the bare Back.
VI. That Man that shall snap his Arms, or smoke Tobacco in the Hold, without a Cap to his Pipe,
or carry a Candle lighted without a Lanthorn, shall suffer the same Punishment as in the former
Article.
VII. That Man shall not keep his Arms clean, fit for an Engagement, or neglect his Business, shall
be cut off from his Share, and suffer such other Punishment as the Captain and the Company shall
think fit.
VIII. If any Man shall lose a Joint in time of an Engagement, shall have 400 Pieces of Eight ; if a
Limb, 800.
IX. If at any time you meet with a prudent Woman, that Man that offers to meddle with her,
without her Consent, shall suffer present Death.
Articles of Edward Low and George Lowther
The articles listed below are attributed by the Boston News-Letter to Captain Edward Low. The first
eight of these articles are essentially identical to those attributed to pirate captain George Lowther
by Charles Johnson. Since Lowther and Low are known to have sailed together from about New
Year's to May 28, 1722, it is probable that both reports are correct and that Low and Lowther
shared the same articles, with Low's two extra articles being an ordinance, or amendment, adopted
after the two crews separated.
I. The Captain is to have two full Shares; the [quarter] Master is to have one Share and one Half;
The Doctor, Mate, Gunner and Boatswain, one Share and one Quarter.
II. He that shall be found guilty of taking up any Unlawful Weapon on Board the Privateer or any
other prize by us taken, so as to Strike or Abuse one another in any regard, shall suffer what
Punishment the Captain and the Majority of the Company shall see fit.
III. He that shall be found Guilty of Cowardice in the time of engagements, shall suffer what
Punishment the Captain and the Majority of the Company shall think fit.
IV. If any Gold, Jewels, Silver, &c. be found on Board of any Prize or Prizes to the value of a Piece
of Eight, & the finder do not deliver it to the Quarter Master in the space of 24 hours he shall
suffer what Punishment the Captain and the Majority of the Company shall think fit.
V. He that is found Guilty of Gaming, or Defrauding one another to the value of a Royal of Plate,
shall suffer what Punishment the Captain and the Majority of the Company shall think fit.
VI. He that shall have the Misfortune to lose a Limb in time of Engagement, shall have the Sum of
Six hundred pieces of Eight, and remain aboard as long as he shall think fit.
VII. Good Quarters to be given when Craved.
VIII. He that sees a Sail first, shall have the best Pistol or Small Arm aboard of her.
IX. He that shall be guilty of Drunkenness in time of Engagement shall suffer what Punishment
the Captain and Majority of the Company shall think fit.
X. No snapping of Guns in the Hold.
The Pirates Code
There are numerous historical references to the Pirates Code.
Below are a few of those which have been documented.
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